Impact Of Anthropogenic Factors Research Articles

Analysis of the impact of plastic utilization technology in a blast furnace on technical and economic indicators and carbon dioxide emissions

Taking into account global trends in reducing the impact of anthropogenic factors on nature, namely the utilization of plastic waste and decarbonization of industrial facilities, the article studies the impact of the use of plastic in a blast furnace, as the most energy-intensive unit in the steel production cycle, on the technical and economic indicators of blast furnace melt and CO2 emissions from the blast furnace based on the heat balance. It was found that the use of plastic in a blast furnace will allow solving the issue of its utilization with the least environmental impact. The quantitative impact of plastic use on furnace performance, coke consumption, and CO2 emissions was determined. The coefficient of coke replacement by different types of plastic when used in a blast furnace was determined.

Fish Development in Lake Ecosystems, Effect of Heavy Metals

Heavy metals enter the water bodies and combine with the water buffer system, then turn into poorly soluble hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides and phosphates, and also form metal-organic complexes, accumulate in the bottom sediments and in general in the bodies of the fish fauna of the reservoirs of the area, seriously affecting their development. It was determined that the amount of Ca2+ ions varied from 17 mg/l to 112 mg/l, and the amount of Mg2+ ions from 5.5 mg/l to 83.5 mg/l, in other words, towards autumn. water hardness has increased. The amount of alkali metal (Na+ + K+) ions is much lower in spring than in summer and autumn. According to the cations, the amount of chloride and sulfate ions increases in autumn. Thus, the impact of anthropogenic factors on fish is diverse and manifests itself primarily in morphological anomalies and changes in the basic biological parameters of fish populations. The main of them is the reduction of productivity and the complete loss of their natural forms, the increase of individuals and the increase of mortality.

Downstream passage performance of silver eel at an angled rack: effects of behavior and morphology

AbstractThe European eel is critically endangered due to heavy impact of anthropogenic factors, such as habitat fragmentation, overexploitation and climate change. During downstream migration, silver eels may encounter hydropower plants, which often result in delay or mortality from impingement on trash-racks or turbine passage. These problems can be mitigated with downstream passage solutions, such as angled racks that guide downstream-migrating eels to safe passage routes. The importance of bar spacing and phenotypic diversity for passage performance is, however, largely unknown. In this study, we investigated how morphological parameters (body mass, eye and fin indices) and behavioral score (open field test) influenced passage rate at an experimental intake equipped with a bypass and angled racks with either 15 or 30 mm bar spacing. Both racks were efficient in guiding eels into a bypass. There was a strong positive effect of body mass and a weak positive effect of open field test score on passage rate. Other factors such as eye and fin indices played a minor role. These results demonstrate the performance of angled racks with bypasses and form a useful starting point for further research regarding the relationships between individual variation in behavior, morphology and passage solutions for silver eels.

Analysis of seawater intrusion triggered under different pumping well layout schemes based on a numerical model

AbstractSeawater intrusion (SWI) is a consequence of communication between the ocean and inland groundwater entailed by overexploitation and has been a global issue harming production, life and ecology in coastal regions. This paper established a numerical model to identify SWI features in a wider space under different pumping‐well layouts based on the number of wells (N), distance between the coastline and wells (Dcw), and distance between wells (Dww) and further researched the influence of the location of the screen (Ls) and calculated S as an index inferring the SWI degree. An evaluation index (EI) was proposed considering two contradictory parameters: the corresponding total critical pumping rate (Qc) indicated the critical situation in which saltwater was almost pumped, played a good role as the resource function, and S referred the negative environmental impact. Sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the relationship between the evaluation indexes and the parameters of pumping well layouts. The results revealed how seawater intruded inland groundwater under different pumping well layouts and the anthropogenic impact factors influencing the SWI process. Sensitivity analysis verified that Dcw was the key factor in optimizing pumping well layouts to maximize the quantity of groundwater resources and minimize the environmental damage of SWI. Research on Ls revealed that a higher location of the screen of the well could effectively abate SWI. This research fully explained SWI characteristics under different pumping well layouts and proposed the key factors during coastal groundwater exploitation work, which enhanced the understanding of SWI and contributed to the arrangement of real‐world water pumping activities in coastal regions.

Anthropogenic Impact on the Terrestrial Environment in the Lake Dian Basin, Southwestern China during the Bronze Age and Ming–Qing period

The role of human activity in shaping the terrestrial environment has been a core scientific issue of interest across various disciplines. However, it remains unclear whether there are significant differences in the patterns of the anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial environment in terms of spatial and temporal dimensions, and we are yet to identify the underlying factors that have driven it. Here, we present an analysis of sporopollen and geochemical proxies from a section of the Anjiangbei site (AJB) on the Yunnan Plateau, spanning the Ming–Qing period, in order to explore the spatio-temporal variation in the anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial environment in the Lake Dian basin. Integrating the reported multidisciplinary evidence, we aim to reveal the influencing factors of anthropogenic impact. Our results show that there were remarkable differences in anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial environment in the Lake Dian basin between the Late Bronze Age and the Ming–Qing period. Changes in crop vegetation and the forest were all affected by human activity in the Lake Dian basin during the two periods, and were more evident during the Ming–Qing period. The heavy metal pollution in the soil was obvious during the Ming–Qing period. The increase in the intensity of human activity, especially the rise in population, could be attributed to changes in the hydrological environment in the Lake Dian basin during the Late Bronze Age and to geopolitical change during the Ming–Qing period. This study reveals the different patterns in human impact on the terrestrial environment in the Lake Dian basin during the Late Bronze Age and the Ming–Qing period, providing new evidence to enable a deeper understanding of past human–environment interactions on the Yunnan Plateau.

Phytocoenotic Distribution of Hulthemia persica (Michaut ex Juss.) Bornm. (Rosaceae) under Different Ecological Conditions in Uzbekistan

The paper presents some of the results of the 2020–2022 studies of 7 communities with the participation of a poorly studied forage and melliferous species, Hulthemia persica, in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research goal is to identify the phytocenotic confinement of the poorly studied forage and melliferous species H. persica in various environmental conditions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Phytocoenotic studies in 7 communities have shown that the population numbers of H. persica in the Tashkent Region (Parkentsay) are satisfactory. However, in recent years the strong impact of anthropogenic factors, primarily livestock grazing under natural growing conditions, has affected this species’ abundance, which has gradually disappeared. Large-scale exploration and prospecting, with the development of the oil and gas industry and other technogenic factors, has harmed the state of H. persica; therefore, populations lack young individuals and the cover provided by this species is relatively low. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen protection measures, which the authors also recommend using for degraded pastures in the desert and foothill regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. A detailed survey of natural populations and monitoring their condition should be carried out. In particular, H. persica is a promising plant adapted to various environmental conditions and can be used in degraded pastures in desert and foothill regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Digital mapping of soil research results in Ujar region using a methodological approach

Based on soil and plant studies carried out in the Ujar region, the article presents some important results obtained during monitoring with constant control of the territory using remote sensing. The research area is one of the important agricultural centers in Azerbaijan Republic and subject to degradation due to the impact of anthropogenic factors. The spotting of irrigated fields reflected in satellite images has a different nature. Interpretation of remote sensing materials requires a mandatory study of the characteristics and substantiation of the causes of spotting based on field work and laboratory analyzes of soil samples.

Impact of anthropogenic factor on changes in physical and chemical properties of chernozems in the lake Sevan basin of the republic of Armenia

This article focuses on the study of changes in the physical and chemical composition of mountain chernozems of the Republic of Armenia under the influence of an anthropogenic factor. It is established that under long-term and unsystematic agricultural use of chernozems in arable variants of soils, in comparison with virgin soil, significant changes in their physical and chemical properties are observed. Especially, absorption capacity decreases as a result of reduction of such important bases as absorbed calcium and magnesium. To improve the physical and chemical properties, increase fertility, effective use, and protection of mountain chernozems of the Lake Sevan basin of the Republic of Armenia, it is necessary to develop and apply a complete scientifically substantiated system of agrotechnical measures.

Переход к экономике замкнутого цикла в рамках комплексного управления водными ресурсами. Обзор методов оценки

The transition from a linear water use model to a circular economy (CE) is an urgent task in the context of growing freshwater shortages, pollution of natural water bodies and climate change. It is important to integrate «grey» (engineered) infrastructure with «green» (in particular, with nature-based solutions) infrastructure, which will connect water systems managed by humans and nature. Addressing these issues requires developing approaches to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of CE in the water sector from a systems perspective, to develop a circular policy. The object of study are linear and circular models of water resources (WR) management. The subject of the study is the prospects for the transition to integrated WR management, considering alternative types of water supply, supported by assessments. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the relevance of the transition to integrated WR management, including solutions aimed at the transition to closed circular cycle water systems; consideration of circular strategies inherent in WR; review of approaches for assessing circular solutions in the water sector. The authors proceed from the following: the generally accepted definition of a CE in the water sector is one of the decisive factors for the successful transition to circular systems; the concept of a CE appears to be one of the key approaches to achieving sustainable development of the water sector; nature-based solutions are seen as an important tool for environmental conservation, providing additional benefits (improving urban microclimate, water quality, preserving biodiversity, reducing the impact of anthropogenic factors on water bodies); integration impact assessment approaches for CE in the water sector contributes to comprehensive assessment of circular solutions. Conclusions: integrated water resources management must consider alternative water supplies; systemic changes caused by the transition to a CE in the water sector should be given priority attention, giving preference to solutions integrating traditional and «green» infrastructure; the transition to CE requires the development of approaches (with the ability to adapt and scale them to specific conditions) for the economic assessment of the systemic impact of circular water systems. The study is aimed at researchers and decision makers in the field of WR management. The conclusions drawn can be used in developing strategies for the development of water management and making decisions at various levels. A systematic literature review methodology was used, based on tracking keywords in articles posted in scientific electronic libraries; scientometric analysis; analytical and logical methods for process analysis in the context of CE and water management.

Study of temporal changes in the hydrographic network of small mountain rivers in the Ile Alatau, Kazakhstan

Abstract The article presents the outcomes of an assessment of hydrographic network changes within the Almaty city, utilizing geographic information system (GIS) technology and Earth remote sensing data. Two gauge stations were selected along the main rivers within the Almaty city. To identify distinctive alterations in these rivers, hydrological data series encompassing the maximum runoff from 1970 to 2021 were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. Differential integral curves were constructed to pinpoint periods corresponding to peak and trough runoff levels. For each of these identified periods, the processing of satellite imagery allowed for the computation of meandering coefficients for the river channels. Additionally, refinements were made to the slope values of the rivers during these same timeframes, and connectivity graphs were established to elucidate the relationship between slope and liquid runoff for each period. The analysis encompassed an assessment of the impact of anthropogenic factors on both artificial and natural bodies of water while also considering shifts in the boundaries of the Almaty city. The findings derived from this study have practical applications in the planning and design of water supply systems and in the implementation of measures aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of anthropogenic factors on water bodies.

Evaluating the impact of dam construction on extreme shrinkage of Urmia Lake using spatial data.

In this study, the extreme shrinkage of Urmia Lake is investigated, aiming to assess the impact of anthropogenic factors, particularly the over-construction of dams and natural anomalies associated with climate change. Historically available multispectral spatial data obtained from Landsat missions 4-5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI were utilized which totally covers a period of 36 years (1967-2020). Additionally, this data was employed to identify the locations of constructed water reservoirs and determine their construction timelines by analyzing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). To examine the temporal patterns of annual precipitation in the lake basin, we obtained time series data from historical precipitation records, which were then converted into rasterized format. Our findings indicate that approximately 22% of the lake basin has been designated for feeding dam reservoirs. The impact of precipitation anomalies on the lake's water level was found to be relatively less significant when compared to the increased storage capacity of the dams. Furthermore, the construction of dams prior to 2000 contributed to enhancing the lake's stability during periods of drought. However, the substantial increase in the total storage capacity of dams after 2000 has significantly accelerated the shrinkage process. As a result, it was concluded that any effective rescue plan should prioritize ignoring a considerable portion of the reservoirs' storage capacity by releasing stored water, thereby allowing the lake to attain a stable condition.

Гістологічна структура зябер карася сріблястого річки Самара Дніпропетровської області

Purpose. To study the histological structure of the gill apparatus of the Prussian carp (Сarassius gibelio) from the point of view of the presence of pathologies with differentiation according to areas with different levels of anthropogenic pressure of the Samara River in the Dnipropetrovsk region. Methodology. The generalized sutdy results were obtained during 2019–2021. The study was conducted within three sampling sites with different types of human impact. The object of the study were age-6 Prussian carps of both sexes. Histological studies were performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. Gills were obtained by anatomical dissection from freshly caught fish. Photographs of histological specimens were taken using a digital camera “SciencelabT5005.17M” and an microscope “Ulab XY-B2TLED”. Measurements of the samples were performed using the “ScienceLabView7”. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in MS Excel 2010. Findings. The conducted histological studies showed that pathological changes in the structure of the gill apparatus were observed in age-6 Prussian carps in all sampling sites of the Samara River. In particular, such pathologies as curvature of lamellae terminals, accumulation of mucus and hyperplasia of the epithelium of gill filaments, fusion of lamellae were found. Single cases of necrosis and twisting of lamellae threads were recorded. Most often, histopathological changes in the gill apparatus were observed in fish caught near the city Novomoskovsk. Organometric studies showed that there was no significant difference between the length and width of gill arches of Prussian carp from different sampling sites. The length and width of the lamellae of the gill apparatus was the largest in individuals sampled near the city Novomoskovsk, which may indicate a greater need for oxygen for the fish body in the specified area. The length of the respiratory lamellae was the lowest in Prissian carp sampled near the village of Novoselivka. The lowest width of the lamellae were found in fish from the village of Khashcheve. The obtained data give reason to conclude that the conditions of existence for Prussian carp are most favorable near the village of Novoselivka. Originality. For the first time the histological structure and pathology of the gills aparatus of Prussian carp in the conditions of the Samara River in the Dnipropetrovsk region was studied. Practical value. The obtained data on the histological changes of the gill apparatus of fish can be used to identify adaptive reactions, will allow assessing the impact of anthropogenic factors on hydrobionts, and will also provide the opportunity to monitor the morpho-physiological state of a specific population under the impact of pollutants of various origins. Key words: Prussian carp, gill apparatus, morphological and histological indicators.

Spatiotemporal differentiation and mechanism of anthropogenic factors affecting ecosystem service value in the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake, China

Clarifying the impact of anthropogenic factors on ecosystem service value (ESV) is crucial to achieving sustainable development. However, the dynamics of human-disturbed complex ESVs vary from region to region, and the specific mechanism of this remains unclear, confusing land use planning. Therefore, this study focuses on the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake in a typical area of China, uses the improved equivalent factor to analyze ESV estimation and spatial–temporal change, and employs Geographically Weighted Regression model and Geographical Detectors to explore the regional differences and impact mechanisms of anthropogenic factors on ESV. The results indicate that ESV in the study area has increased from 2000 to 2020, with a slowed-down growth rate. Spatially, ESV shows a decreasing trend from the core area to the periphery area as the distance from the lake increases. Further analysis reveals significant spatial heterogeneity in the impact of anthropogenic factors on ESV, with more potent interaction effects than single effects. Specifically, there is a strong interaction between urban development factors and industrial/agricultural factors. Furthermore, the anthropogenic-driven forces affecting ESV become increasingly complex from the core area to the peripheral area. These findings provide valuable insights into the distribution, dynamics, and mechanisms of ESV.

A study of the dynamics of the flow and the round process in urbanized areas of plain rivers

This article analyzes the materials concerning the study of the dynamics of the flow and the channel process in urban areas in the delta of the Amudarya river. In this section, the regularities of the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of the river flow and the course of channel processes were studied. The scale of the impact of urbanization factors that significantly change the course of the channel process is determined and the structural levels of channel forms are assessed. The most cost-effective method for cleaning river beds from polluted bottom sediments by specially created volley water discharges from the upper pool of existing hydroelectric facilities is proposed. Changes in the channel processes in the delta of the Amudarya river under the influence of annually recurring catastrophic low water and strong wind erosion are shown. The time scales at various structural levels of the channel process have been refined. The article used general scientific research methods based on the analysis and generalization of natural and experimental materials.

The ecological determinancy of development of bronchial asthma in adult population (as exemplified by the Republic of the North Ossetia-Alania

The intensive impact of anthropogenic factors on health causes more than 40% of all human diseases. First of all, it has to do with respiratory organs and comes out as the main determinant of development of chronic respiratory pathology. The article presents an assessment of negative impact of environmental factors on dynamics of increasing of incidence of bronchial asthma morbidity in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The indicators of the general morbidity that increased up to 75.6% and for the first time detected up to 97.5% over six-year period. The results of present study correspond with the results of similar studies implemented in various territories of Russia indicating at mediation of increasing of bronchial asthma morbidity by negative impact of environment risk factors. In the Republic, over a period of many decades, contribution of the metallurgical plant producing zinc, cadmium, sulfuric acid and zinc-aluminum alloys, to atmospheric air pollution made up not less than 40%. Only two out of eight rural municipal districts are relatively environmentally problem-free today. In rural areas, more than 50% of atmospheric air pollutants is related to carbon oxide. Nowadays, along with industrial emissions into atmospheric air and their accumulation, increases importance of motor transport in environmental pollution. The cars account for 50-70% of all harmful emissions. The presence of harmful substances contained in exhaust gases exceeds permissible standards by 2-3 times. According to the data of systematic analysis of urban air quality, most of the year citizens breathe atmospheric air not meeting normative requirements. The actual situation favors development of bronchial asthma. In the Republic, its morbidity has not decreased for many decades. To improve indicators of bronchial asthma morbidity can be achieved by leveling harmful effects of environment through identification of main sources of environmental troubles. The priority is both to decrease industrial emissions that pollute atmosphere and to transit to more ecologically safe modern power supplies of motor transport facilities.

Anthropogenic threats associated with mortality and biomass of stranded sea turtles on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil

ABSTRACT Beach monitoring programmes along the Brazilian coast in recent years have provided stranding data which can be analysed to show the effects of human impacts on sea turtle populations. In Brazil, the five species recorded are threatened with extinction. In this study, data from strandings of sea turtles on the northern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, over six years (2015–2021), were used to evaluate whether human activities are associated with impacts on the populations and to analyse the effects of seasonality on abundance. There were 6411 strandings of sea turtles, the majority being Chelonia mydas, followed by Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Eretmochelys imbricata and Dermochelys coriacea. Strandings occurred mainly during winter and spring. Where it was possible to determine the cause of death of an individual, there were several associations with anthropogenic factors, mainly solid waste, fishing gear, collisions with vessels, injuries and dredging. The high incidence of strandings of sea turtles on the Brazilian coast, mostly juveniles, and the great impact of anthropogenic factors in the causa mortis indicate the need to adopt ocean education strategies and public policies that can establish effective management and conservation plans of marine ecosystems.

Report on the impact of anthropogenic factors on the properties and functions of soils from a selected area of Central European Lowland province

PurposeThe study aims to assess the impact of human activity on the content and migration of trace elements in soil profiles of various physico-chemical properties. The research hypothesis assumed that human impact related to the functioning of buildings, agriculture, industry and communication negatively affected the trace element contents and physico-chemical properties of soils in a selected urban area (the Grudziądz Basin).Materials and methodsSeven soil exposures were made in areas that differed in land use and soil type over an area totalling approx. 200 ha. In the soil profiles, samples of soil of disturbed structure were taken from each genetic horizon. Selected physico-chemical properties of soils were determined: soil texture, soil pH, TOC, CaCO3 content. The total content of heavy metals in the soils was determined by AAS after digestion in hydrofluoric acid and bioavailable forms in 1 M DTPA. The sources of elements in the studied soils were assessed using the following indices: Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Contamination Factor (CF).Results and discussionThe sand fraction dominated the examined soil profiles, with its content ranging widely and averaging 64.7%. In general, the humus horizons had lower pH values than the deeper layers and parent rock horizons. The organic carbon content ranged from 0.07 to 4.64%. The vertical decomposition of total N was strongly related to the decomposition of organic carbon. The highest metal contents in the soil samples were for zinc, and then for nickel. Conversely, the lowest concentrations were for mercury. Most of the profiles had higher contents of the analysed elements in their upper horizons. The humus horizons were characterised by the accumulation of Cr, Hg, Zn and Fe. The samples from the soil profiles were highest in bioavailable forms of zinc and nickel.ConclusionsThe assessment of human impact on the concentrations and migration of trace elements in profiles of agricultural soils found the contents of heavy metals to be variable. Only in a few profiles were EF values for Cd, Pb and Ni found to indicate the effects of human activity. Likewise, CF and Igeo attest to only slight contamination in the research area.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ И СЕЗОННАЯ ДИНАМИКА ГИДРОХИМИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ В ВИСЛИНСКОМ ЗАЛИВЕ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ В 2020–2022 гг.

To study current hydrochemical conditions in the Vistula Lagoon and the trend of their change under changing anthropogenic impact in 2020–2022 seasonal variability and spatial distribution of hydrochemical parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, mineral forms of phosphorus and nitrogen) were investigated. The water body is exposed to intense anthropogenic impact from the Kaliningrad agglomeration, the nature of which has undergone qualitative changes in recent years, therefore, a comparative analysis was carried out with the period 2007–2016, which preceded the launch of modern treatment facilities in Kaliningrad. The Vistula Lagoon is characterized by spatial variability of hydrological and hydrochemical conditions, which was considered for 4 different types of regions (eastern, near-Baltic, central and Primorskaya Bay). The impact of anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of hydrochemical conditions had the greatest impact on the eastern region and Primorskaya Bay. The eastern region of the lagoon accounts for the main inflow of nutrients from the catchment area (from the Pregola River), and since 2016 the wastewater outlet from Kaliningrad is located here. Compared to the period before 2016, in the eastern area a significant increase of BOD5, a decrease of dissolved oxygen concentrations, a multiple excess of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in comparison with the all of the water area lagoon were recorded. In the Primorskaya Bay, where until 2016 low-purity wastewater was supplied from the city of Kaliningrad, in 2020–2022 pollution for most of the studied indicators (BOD5, phosphate phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen) decreased and corresponded to the average values for the water area. The near-Baltic and central regions are strongly affected by natural conditions (sea water inflows), where in 2020–2022, as in the previous period, lower concentrations of nutrients were observed due to the remoteness from the main sources of pollution. Despite the decrease in the intensity of local pollution in the Primorskaya Bay in 2020–2022, the concentrations of mineral forms of nutrients remained at high levels, providing intensive development of algae (including the growth of BOD5) and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon.

Theoretical-definitive exposition of the categorical apparatus for investigating the management of environmental safety in an enterprise

Relevance of the research topic. Modern requirements for enterprises include compliance with environmental norms and standards to ensure not only the safety of people's lives and health but also the preservation of the natural environment. Such an approach is a necessary condition for the development of sustainable business and ensuring economic stability of enterprises in the long term. Problem statement. Environmental safety management of enterprises is one of the most pressing and complex problems faced by business structures today. On the one hand, companies are interested in maximizing sales of their goods and services, while on the other hand, they must comply with the requirements of state legislation and international recommendations in the field of environmental protection. Analysis of recent research and publications. The works of such Ukrainian scientists as O.I. Basarab, Ye.S. Belash, I.V. Breslavska, V.I. Danylevsky, H.M. Drozd, O.O. Drozdova, M.I. Zhurba, I.P. Kalinina, and others are devoted to the study of theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of environmental safety management of enterprises. Highlighting previously unresolved parts of a common issue. Despite the abundance of scientific studies on the management of environmental safety in enterprises, the question of its role and position within the broader system of national security of the state remains a topic of ongoing discussion. The aim of the article is to develop a theoretical and definitive exposition of the categorical apparatus for managing the environmental safety of enterprises. The main objectives of the study are: to investigate existing approaches to interpreting the essence of the concept of «environmental safety management of enterprises» and to develop, based on their analysis, a theoretical and definitive exposition of the categorical apparatus for managing the environmental safety of enterprises, taking into account modern trends and challenges of sustainable development. Research methods. The article utilized a historical approach, a systems approach, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction, logical method, and generalization as the basis of the research. Results of the research. The following approaches to interpreting the essence of the concept of «environmental safety management of enterprises» were identified: social, complex, sectoral, legal, regional, natural resource, risk-oriented, process-oriented, and results-oriented approaches. Each of these approaches has its own characteristics and is used depending on the needs of the enterprise and the specific situation. A theoretical and definitive exposition of the categorical apparatus for managing the environmental safety of enterprises was developed. Field of application of the results. The research findings can be used to improve theoretical approaches and develop effective strategies for managing the environmental safety of enterprises. Conclusions. Thus, the environmental safety of an enterprise is an integral part of national security. The theoretical and definitive exposition of the categorical apparatus for managing the environmental safety of an enterprise is presented as follows: Safety is a comprehensive state of absence of threats and risks that can cause harm to people, the environment, and property, which is ensured not only by reactive responses to potential threats but also by a proactive approach to ensuring safety through preventive measures and reducing the potential consequences of potential threats. Environmental safety of an enterprise is a complex state in which the activities of the enterprise do not violate the self-regulation ability of natural ecosystems, ensure the preservation of biodiversity and climate, avoid the creation of new environmental risks, reduce the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the environment, and ensure the safety and health of the population. Management of the environmental safety of an enterprise is a system of strategic planning, coordination, and implementation of measures to minimize the negative impact of the enterprise on the environment, ensure compliance with environmental legislation and standards, reduce environmental risks, and promote the principles of sustainable development.

Siting MPAs for multiple protecting purposes by co-consideration of ecological importance and anthropogenic impacts

The global marine ecosystem has been significantly altered by the combined effects of multiple anthropogenic impacts. Systematic planning of marine protected areas (MPAs) is of paramount importance in alleviating conflicts between humans and the sea. Existing approaches, however, merely integrate both ecological and anthropogenic factors for multiple conservation purposes. By combining the three main anthropogenic impact factors with two main ecological importance factors, this study used a GIS-based AHP-OWA method to identify different levels of priority protection for MPAs in Zhejiang, China. Our results proved that: 1) the multi-objective MPA siting issues can be addressed by the GIS-based AHP-OWA method through scenario simulation; 2) the best locations for MPAs are in the northeast, central, and southern marine areas of Zhejiang; 3) considering the trade-off degree, spatial conservation efficiency, and spatial heterogeneity, an optimized MPA siting scheme can be developed for decision-makers. The proposed MPA siting method and case study may provide an effective technical reference for solving regional marine spatial planning (MSP) issues in the future.